President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Arthur I. Cyr
“Disarmament … is a continuing imperative.”
That public statement is not from an ideologue on the left, but rather President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his farewell address. He delivered the address to the nation early in 1961, while preparing to leave office.
President Joe Biden raised arms control to a top policy priority, but that is now unraveling.
In January 2021, the New START Treaty with Russia was extended for five years. The agreement, which was about to expire, limits nuclear warheads on each side to 1550, plus limitations on missiles and bombers.
However, last November, talks on inspections were suddenly suspended. Russia has announced the treaty is now in jeopardy. In January, Russia’s Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Rablov denounced U.S. efforts to impose “strategic defeat” on Moscow in Ukraine.
The Trump administration experienced frustrations in arms control. Initial emphasis on ending North Korea’s nuclear weapons program was unsuccessful. In August 2019, the administration withdrew from the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, complaining of violations by Russia.
The Obama administration emphasized nuclear arms summits involving large numbers of nations and international organizations. The 2016 summit in Washington, D.C., concluded with a formal statement underscoring nuclear weapons control.
Unfortunately, Russia did not participate. That reflected strained relations with the U.S. and other nations following annexation of Crimea.
Nonetheless, the major conference reinforced the important, tangible U.N. framework to coordinate national efforts. The first nuclear arms summit took place in 2010 in Washington,D.C.
In 1986, during a summit meeting in Iceland, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan surprised their staffs as well as the world by pledging the abolition of all nuclear weapons. That utopian vision fostered a practical result: the INF Treaty sign in 1987.
Reductions are desirable, but efforts to outlaw all nuclear weapons are fundamentally flawed. Destroying all known nuclear weapons would provide a decisive advantage to any power that decided — openly or secretly — to hold back even a few. Verification remains vexing.
Another benchmark in the history of nuclear weapons, arms control and the Cold War occurred in 1972 when the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks led to treaties between the U.S. and the Soviet Union limiting missile systems.
A second round of negotiations resulted in a follow-on agreement in 1979, but the U.S. Senate did not ratify the treaty, in reaction to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that year.
After the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 concluded when the Soviet Union withdrew nuclear weapons from the island, President John F. Kennedy’s political standing rose considerably. During the Christmas season, J.F.K. held a televised discussion with network correspondents. He gave emphasis to a world soon to contain a number of nuclear powers.
In fact, proliferation has moved much more slowly than anticipated at the time. Various nuclear-capable nations, including our close ally Canada, have decided that any conceivable benefits are simply not worth the expense and risks.
Additionally, the International Atomic Energy Agency, an initiative of President Eisenhower, facilitates peaceful nuclear energy and provides a long-term drag on military pressures to get the Bomb. Ike, always comprehensive in vision, also achieved demilitarization of Antarctica. International commitment to arms control is firmly established. Russia today clearly is on the defensive.
Military threats are not only external. President Eisenhower closed his farewell address by warning of the dangers inherent in our massive arms establishment, which he termed “the military-industrial complex.”
To learn more, read Arthur Larson’s “Eisenhower: The President Nobody Knew.”
Arthur I. Cyr is author of “After the Cold War – American Foreign Policy, Europe and Asia” (NYU Press and Palgrave/Macmillan). He is also the director of the Clausen Center at Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisc., and a Clausen Distinguished Professor. He welcomes questions and comments at acyr@carthage.edu.
